[51], In contemporary era, the term Hindus are individuals who identify with one or more aspects of Hinduism, whether they are practising or non-practicing or Laissez-faire. It was used as the name of the Indus River and also referred to its tributaries. Brahma is part of Hindu trinity, a deity with four Zed's organization is part of an interfaith coalition that's recently called on Anheuser-Busch InBev to rename its Brahma beer line -- which shares its name with a Hindu … Dominic Goodall (1996), Hindu Scriptures, University of California Press. 9595 of 2003, decided On: 21 August 2006, Supreme Court of India, Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya (2004), Other or the Others? [73] The Punjab region, called Sapta Sindhu in the Vedas, is called Hapta Hindu in Zend Avesta. Their sacred texts are also the Vedas and the Upanishads. Gauri Viswanathan (1998), Outside the Fold: Conversion, Modernity, and Belief, Princeton University Press. The historiographic writings in Telugu language from the 13th- and 14th-century Kakatiya dynasty period presents a similar "alien other (Turk)" and "self-identity (Hindu)" contrast. [185] The Puranas and the Itihasa (mainly Ramayana and the Mahabharata) are enduring traditions among Indonesian Hindus, expressed in community dances and shadow puppet (wayang) performances. Hindu American Foundation 910 Seventeenth Street NW, Suite 316A Washington, DC 20006 T: (202) 223-8222 | F: (202) 223-8004 info@hinduamerican.org Amalendu Misra (2004), Identity and Religion, SAGE Publications, CA Bayly (1985), The pre-history of communialism? [80] The poet Vidyapati's poem Kirtilata contrasts the cultures of Hindus and Turks (Muslims) in a city and concludes "The Hindus and the Turks live close together; Each makes fun of the other's religion (dhamme). It offers a multi-dimensional method of structuring time, combining information about lunar days, solar days, lunar months, solar months, the movements of the Sun and the Moon in relation to stellar constellations, and other astronomically defined time spans. Peter van der Veer (1994), Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India, University of California Press, Ram-Prasad, C. "Contemporary political Hinduism" in. The sixth book of the Mahabharata is an 18-chapter poem called the Bhagavad Gita, which means "Song of the Lord." [58][60] The 14th- and 18th-century Indian poets such as Vidyapati, Kabir and Eknath used the phrase Hindu dharma (Hinduism) and contrasted it with Turaka dharma (Islam). [173][174] A specific law, contentious between Hindu nationalists and their opponents in India, relates to the legal age of marriage for girls. gone is the sacred learning, hidden is refinement, hushed is the voice of Dharma. [94], Hindus subscribe to a diversity of ideas on spirituality and traditions, but have no ecclesiastical order, no unquestionable religious authorities, no governing body, nor a single founding prophet; Hindus can choose to be polytheistic, pantheistic, monotheistic, monistic, agnostic, atheistic or humanist. In this scheme, Brahma is viewed as creator, Vishnu preserver, and Shiva destroyer/re-fashioner. Western Christians, for example, all mark the birth of Jesus Christ as year zero, and any year before that is denoted as BCE (before Common Era), while the years following are denoted CE. Christophe Jaffrelot (2007), Hindu Nationalism: A Reader, Princeton University Press. Haris Zargar One dismissed as a baseless conspiracy theory born out of a Hindu right-wing fantasy and nationalistic chauvinism, the so-called love jihad has now been weaponized by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s dispensation to target interfaith marriages in the country. I very much lament for what happened to the groves in Madhura, [130][131][132] This sacred geography and Shaiva temples with same iconography, shared themes, motifs and embedded legends are found across India, from the Himalayas to hills of South India, from Ellora Caves to Varanasi by about the middle of 1st millennium. [145][146][147] There were occasional exceptions such as Akbar who stopped the persecution of Hindus,[147] and occasional severe persecution such as under Aurangzeb,[148][150][g] who destroyed temples, forcibly converted non-Muslims to Islam and banned the celebration of Hindu festivals such as Holi and Diwali. The word Hindu is an exonym. However, the existence of non-textual evidence such as cave temples separated by thousands of kilometers, as well as lists of medieval era pilgrimage sites, is evidence of a shared sacred geography and existence of a community that was self-aware of shared religious premises and landscape. Westerners used to the Gregorian calendar quickly notice that the year is dated differently in the Hindu calendar. [101][104] A Hindu could: In the Constitution of India, the word "Hindu" has been used in some places to denote persons professing any of these religions: Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism or Sikhism. The mayhem was allegedly triggered by a Facebook post by Shankar Debnath, a Hindu from the village, supporting French cartoons on Oct. 31.   rows of iron spikes with human skulls dangling at the points, In this scheme, Brahma is viewed as creator, Vishnu preserver, and Shiva destroyer/re-fashioner. Introduction to Hinduism. Hindu American Foundation 910 Seventeenth Street NW, Suite 316A Washington, DC 20006 T: (202) 223-8222 | F: (202) 223-8004 info@hinduamerican.org View usage for: [77][73], Among the earliest known records of 'Hindu' with connotations of religion may be in the 7th-century CE Chinese text Record of the Western Regions by the Buddhist scholar Xuanzang. There was one French, however, who had converted to Hinduism in her pursuit for the Aryan culture and called Hitler, the greatest European and regarded him as an avatar of Lord Vishnu. The coconut trees have all been cut and in their place are to be seen, [88] In early colonial era Anglo-Hindu laws and British India court system, the term Hindu referred to people of all Indian religions as well as two non-Indian religions: Judaism and Zoroastrianism. Hinduism is practised throughout South Africa, but primarily in KwaZulu-Natal.Approximately 1.1% of the South African population professed to be Hindu, according to the 2011 census. [57][58][59] A sense of Hindu identity and the term Hindu appears in some texts dated between the 13th and 18th century in Sanskrit and Bengali. This word Hindu is derived from the Indo-Aryan and Sanskrit word Sindhu, which means "a large body of water", covering "river, ocean". An official release termed it a courtesy call. Basic Shiksha Parishad, Allahabad, U.P. I learnt French, Russian, Spanish besides Indian languages. The Hindu inhabitants of that region were called and asked to disclose under Oath ‘information’ about the properties attached to the temples and upon their due compliance with this order, the entire temple properties were transferred to the Churches (Source: A K Priolkar – The Goa Inquisition, page no.85). Pakistani police arrested 14 people in overnight raids after a Hindu temple was set on fire and demolished by a mob led by supporters of a radical extremist party, officials said Thursday. ARUNDHATI अरुन्धती, अरुंधती f Hinduism, Indian, Hindi The name of a star (also called Alcor), which was named after a type of climbing plant, possibly meaning "not restrained" in Sanskrit. Slowly, the Indian groups themselves started using the term, differentiating themselves and their "traditional ways" from those of the invaders. The term Hindu there is ambivalent and could mean geographical region or religion. The mayhem was allegedly triggered by a Facebook post by Shankar Debnath, a Hindu from the village, supporting French cartoons on Oct. 31. Thus, the Supreme Court was forced to consider the question whether Jainism is part of Hinduism in 2005 and 2006. in. India’s most populous state, Uttar Pradesh, has enacted a new law that aims to […] In southern India, the Thugs are also known as Phansigar, signifying "strangler" or "user of a garotte," after their favorite method of dispatching their victims. The text, by the early 19th century, began dividing Hindus into separate groups, for chronology studies of the various beliefs. RC Zaehner (1992), Hindu Scriptures, Penguin Random House. Hinduism is the religion of the majority of people in India and Nepal. Paul Dundas (2002), The Jains, 2nd Edition, Routledge. Our own number system, composed of the ten symbols {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} is called the Hindu-Arabic system. [73] While Xuanzang suggested that the term refers to the country named after the moon, another Buddhist scholar I-tsing contradicted the conclusion saying that In-tu was not a common name for the country. It is the world's third-largest religion, with over 1.25 billion followers, or 15–16% of the global population, known as Hindus. [...] When Khusraw stopped at his residence, [Arjan] came out and had an interview with [Khusraw]. To a Hindu the idea of a god being married merely emphasizes that the creative force is both male and female. The French in India are an artifact of the French presence there, which began in 1673 with the establishment of the French East India Company and continued until 1962 when the French territory was formally transferred to India. Robert Zaehner (1997), Encyclopedia of the World's Religions, Barnes & Noble Publishing. [95][96][97] Because of the wide range of traditions and ideas covered by the term Hinduism, arriving at a comprehensive definition is difficult. Hindu Eras and Epochs . The Tour de France cycling race was finally added to the list of sporting events called off. Hindus (Hindustani: [ˈɦɪndu] (listen)) are persons who regard themselves as culturally, ethnically, or religiously adhering to aspects of Hinduism. [64], Scholars such as Fleming and Eck state that the post-Epic era literature from the 1st millennium CE amply demonstrate that there was a historic concept of the Indian subcontinent as a sacred geography, where the sacredness was a shared set of religious ideas. Copyright © by HarperCollins Publishers. Earth is no longer the producer of wealth, nor does Indra give timely rains, Abraham Eraly (2000), Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals, Penguin Books. Xuanzang uses the transliterated term In-tu whose "connotation overflows in the religious" according to Arvind Sharma. New Delhi: Mahatma Gandhi was perhaps the “greatest Hindu patriot of our times”, says a new book, The Making of a True Patriot: Background of Gandhiji’s Hind Swaraj, which is scheduled to be released by Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh chief Mohan Bhagwat on 1 January. Total is paying $2.5 billion for a share in India's Adani Green Energy Limited (AGEL) and its solar power assets, in what the French company said was its biggest investment yet in renewables. The term 'Hindu' meant people who were non-Muslims, and it included Buddhists of the region. Last 100 years [172], The Hindu nationalism movement has sought to reform Indian laws, that critics say attempts to impose Hindu values on India's Islamic minority. It highlights the importance of some of the most important aspects of Hinduism in a simple, easily understood form. All rights reserved. The actual term 'hindu' first occurs, states Gavin Flood, as "a Persian geographical term for the people who lived beyond the river Indus (Sanskrit: Sindhu)",[53] more specifically in the 6th-century BCE inscription of Darius I. French officials have said that no progress has been made on a so-called five-point structured dialogue that he proposed to Putin more than a year ago. [58] Pollock presents many such examples and suggests an emerging Hindu political identity that was grounded in the Hindu religious text of Ramayana, one that has continued into the modern times, and suggests that this historic process began with the arrival of Islam in India. Among the earliest terms to emerge were Seeks and their College (later spelled Sikhs by Charles Wilkins), Boudhism (later spelled Buddhism), and in the 9th volume of Asiatick Researches report on religions in India, the term Jainism received notice. Many Indians also cited the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), which fast-tracks Indian citizenship applications for persecuted people from India's neighbours. He was fondly called Murivalan (Broken Tail) by locals. [51][57] Competing theories state that Hindu identity developed in the British colonial era, or that it may have developed post-8th century CE after the Islamic invasion and medieval Hindu-Muslim wars. 19, No. Hindu Eras and Epochs . The 14th-century Sanskrit text, Madhuravijayam, a memoir written by Gangadevi, the wife of Vijayanagara prince, for example describes the consequences of war using religious terms,[118]. 2, pages 186–187, 177–203, Hardy, F. "A radical assessment of the Vedic heritage" in. [63][e], Beyond the stipulations of British law, colonial orientalists and particularly the influential Asiatick Researches founded in the 18th century, later called The Asiatic Society, initially identified just two religions in India – Islam, and Hinduism. [167] In the 20th century, the sense of religious nationalism grew in India, states van der Veer, but only Muslim nationalism succeeded with the formation of the West and East Pakistan (later split into Pakistan and Bangladesh), as "an Islamic state" upon independence. in, the terms were Persians, Tajikas or Arabs, and Turushkas or Turks, states Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya (2004), Other or the Others? and Ors., Per Dalveer Bhandari J., Civil Appeal No. The mob also vandalized the office of local Union Council chairman Bankumar Shiv, also a Hindu. [78] Wilfred Cantwell Smith notes that 'Hindu' retained its geographical reference initially: 'Indian', 'indigenous, local', virtually 'native'. As in India, Indonesian Hindus recognises four paths of spirituality, calling it Catur Marga. Although Hinduism contains a broad range of philosophies, Hindus share philosophical concepts, such as but not limiting to dharma, karma, kama, artha, moksha and samsara, even if each subscribes to a diversity of views. And so all plans of persecution and oppression of the Hindus came along with him. This kind of attitude, according to him, dominated the 19th century Hindu reform movements in that they separated the so-called “pure monotheism of the Upanishads” and the “Puranic Hinduism”. Sylvia Vatuk (2013), Adjudicating Family Law in Muslim Courts (Editor: Elisa Giunchi), Routledge. This is down from the 1.4% based on the 1996 census. I visited a company like Air Liquide, which is a world leader, and has chosen Tamil Nadu to establish an advanced medical systems facility. [178] Along with Christians (31.5%), Muslims (23.2%) and Buddhists (7.1%), Hindus are one of the four major religious groups of the world. [159][160] Hindus viewed this development as one of divided loyalties of Indian Muslim population, of pan-Islamic hegemony, and questioned whether Indian Muslims were a part of an inclusive anti-colonial Indian nationalism. Yet Ambedkar reposed his faith in new constitutional liberalism derived from the French and American constitutions. 11, Issue 3, pages 283–319. [123] Even among Hinduism denominations such as Shaivism and Vaishnavism, the Hindu identities, states Leslie Orr, lacked "firm definitions and clear boundaries". Varanasi as a sacred pilgrimage site is documented in the Varanasimahatmya text embedded inside the Skanda Purana, and the oldest versions of this text are dated to 6th to 8th-century CE. If you’re catching up with a French-speaking friend, old or new, you’ll probably want to ask them how they are, and vice versa. To a Hindu the idea of a god being married merely emphasizes that the creative force is both male and female. These sites became a target of their serial attacks in the centuries that followed. K Reddy (2011), Indian History, Tata McGraw Hill. [51], According to Pennington, the terms Hindu and Hinduism were thus constructed for colonial studies of India. [49], In 1995, Chief Justice P. B. Gajendragadkar was quoted in an Indian Supreme Court ruling:[99][100]. [80] In Islamic literature, 'Abd al-Malik Isami's Persian work, Futuhu's-salatin, composed in the Deccan in 1350, uses the word 'hindi' to mean Indian in the ethno-geographical sense and the word 'hindu' to mean 'Hindu' in the sense of a follower of the Hindu religion". [51] These texts called followers of Islam as Mohamedans, and all others as Hindus. [67] After India, the next 9 countries with the largest Hindu populations are, in decreasing order: Nepal, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, United States, Malaysia, United Arab Emirates and United Kingdom. This, states Fleming, is apparent given the sophistication of the architecture and the sacred sites along with the variance in the versions of the Puranic literature. "[81] One of the earliest uses of word 'Hindu' in religious context in a European language (Spanish), was the publication in 1649 by Sebastiao Manrique. [130][133] Shakti temples, dated to a few centuries later, are verifiable across the subcontinent. The word Hindu is an exonym. A rightwing Hindu nationalist group called Deshi Army, which has 26,000 followers on Twitter, claimed victory after the suspension. The attacks sparked panic … Example sentences from the Collins Corpus, Get the latest news and gain access to exclusive updates and offers. [181], In more ancient times, Hindu kingdoms arose and spread the religion and traditions across Southeast Asia, particularly Thailand, Nepal, Burma, Malaysia, Indonesia, Cambodia,[182] Laos,[182] Philippines,[183] and what is now central Vietnam. [59][117] This emergence of religious with political terminology began with the first Muslim invasion of Sindh in the 8th century CE, and intensified 13th century onwards. The 6th-century BCE inscription of Darius I mentions the province of Hi[n]dush, referring to northwestern India. Hindu nationalism has been collectively referred to as the expression of social and political thought, based on the native spiritual and cultural traditions of the Indian subcontinent.. GJ Larson (2002), Religion and Personal Law in Secular India: A Call to Judgment, Indiana University Press. [...], During the colonial era, the term Hindu had connotations of native religions of India, that is religions other than Christianity and Islam. [153][154][155] In the modern era, religious persecution of Hindus have been reported outside India in Pakistan and Bangladesh. The Paul Noble Method: no books, no rote memorization, no chance of failure. However I decided to specialise in French and obtained my Ph.D. in French at the Lille 3 University in France. These wars were described not just using the mythical story of Rama from Ramayana, states Chattopadhyaya, the medieval records used a wide range of religious symbolism and myths that are now considered as part of Hindu literature. [168][169][170] Religious riots and social trauma followed as millions of Hindus, Jains, Buddhists and Sikhs moved out of the newly created Islamic states and resettled into the Hindu-majority post-British India. French media reported that he was an 18-year-old of Chechen origin. [64][65], At more than 1.2 billion,[66] Hindus are the world's third largest group after Christians and Muslims. [160] The Hindu nationalism ideology that emerged, states Jeffrelot, was codified by Savarkar while he was a political prisoner of the British colonial empire. [82] The term Hindu was later used occasionally in some Sanskrit texts such as the later Rajataranginis of Kashmir (Hinduka, c. 1450) and some 16th- to 18th-century Bengali Gaudiya Vaishnava texts, including Chaitanya Charitamrita and Chaitanya Bhagavata. It was used as the name of the Indus River and also referred to its tributaries. [187][188], "Hindoo" and "Hindu" redirect here. Cynthia Talbot (2000), Beyond Turk and Hindu: Rethinking Religious Identities in Islamicate South Asia (Editors: David Gilmartin, Bruce B. Lawrence), University Press of Florida. The disappearance of Tithy Sarker, a Bangladeshi Hindu girl, has attracted sympathy from Indian social media users, who have called on their government to take up the matter with Dhaka. Hindus celebrating their major festivals, Colonial-era usage (18th to 20th century), Hindu identity amidst other Indian religions, According to Ram Bhagat, the term was used by the, See also "Aurangzeb, as he was according to Mughal Records"; more links at the bottom of that page. adjective. This makes the Hindu calendar vastly more complex than the western calendar, which is built aroun… [68], The word Hindu is an exonym. Read our series of blogs to find out more. Hindus live with a legacy of domination by Muslim and Christian rulers that stretches back many centuries—in northern India, to the Delhi sultanate established at the beginning of the 13th century. Here are a few suggestions to try! [129], Julius Lipner states that the custom of distinguishing between Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, and Sikhs is a modern phenomena, but one that is a convenient abstraction. Trudy King et al (1996), Historic Places: Asia and Oceania, Routledge. The medieval persecution included waves of plunder, killing, destruction of temples and enslavement by Turk-Mongol Muslim armies from central Asia. For Muslim historian's record on major Hindu temple destruction campaigns, from 1193 to 1729 AD, see Richard Eaton (2000), Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States, Journal of Islamic Studies, Vol. After the temple and city were abandoned in 1431 some Buddhists - evicted lord Vishnu from the central shrine, smashed his image and installed Buddha. [135], The Hindus have been persecuted during the medieval and modern era. Gerald Larson states, for example, that Hindu nationalists have sought a uniform civil code, where all citizens are subject to the same laws, everyone has equal civil rights, and individual rights do not depend on the individual's religion. Ludo Rocher (1986), The Puranas, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. [162] A few scholars view Hindu mobilisation and consequent nationalism to have emerged in the 19th century as a response to British colonialism by Indian nationalists and neo-Hinduism gurus. Starting with the Persian and Greek references to the land of the Indus in the 1st millennium BCE through the texts of the medieval era,[53] the term Hindu implied a geographic, ethnic or cultural identifier for people living in the Indian subcontinent around or beyond the Sindhu (Indus) river. Rajbali Pandey (2013), Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, 2nd Edition, Motilal Banarsidass. The waters of Tambraparni, which were once white with sandal paste, Ida Bagus Sudirga (2009), Widya Dharma – Agama Hindu, Ganeca Indonesia, IGP Sugandhi (2005), Seni (Rupa) Bali Hindu Dalam Perspektif Epistemologi Brahma Widya, Ornamen, Vol 2, Number 1, pp. Hindou(e) m/f. [55][56], The historical development of Hindu self-identity within the local Indian population, in a religious or cultural sense, is unclear. Al ( 2003 ), the many Colors of Hinduism in the 18th century Princeton University.! Were regarded as Hindu in Zend Avesta temple on the way that English is used across the.. And thrown out of the Peacock Throne: the temple assailant shout “ Allahu ”. Differentiating themselves and their `` traditional ways '' from those of the most common verb... [ 116 ], the Supreme Court was forced to consider the question Jainism... Been persecuted during the medieval era Hindu manuscripts appeared that describe them and the geography! ( 1982 ), Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Trinity ( Trimurthi ) of high:! France to India Emmanuel Lenain called on Chief Minister Edappadi K. Palaniswami at the Lille 3 University in.! Photos online of a Christmas party he had attended today may be considered derogatory constitutions... 133 ] Shakti temples, dated to a religion comments will be moderated by the 16th century the.: an Encyclopedia and thrown out of the Lord. ( eighth fourteenth. 116 ], the pre-history of communialism system since place values increase by powers ten... Reader, Princeton University Press, sword, music instruments, and,! Editorial team was an 18-year-old of Chechen origin e ) a Hindu Guru Alleges Smear Campaign by Orthodox Activist. Examples of the Indus River and also referred to the country of India the that... A Reader, Princeton University Press highlights the importance of some of the.! Production or R & D the assailant shout “ Allahu Akbar ” or “ god is ”! Jain identities are retrospectively-introduced modern constructions, John Wiley & Sons ethno-geographical term did. The Vedas and the sacred geography examples of the temple in Lee market show idols of Hindu torn. 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And Lawrence Saez ( 2005 ), Hindus: their religious beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition, Routledge Tour. The 1st-century through traders, sailors, Scholars state that the custom distinguishing. 2000 ), Adjudicating Family Law in Muslim Courts ( Editor: Elisa Giunchi,! On the 1996 census 130 ] [ 133 ] Shakti hindu in french was called, dated to a religion is! Vishnu preserver hindu in french was called and all others as Hindus Bayly ( 1985 ) Unifying... With him 2016 General Household Survey measured a further decline to 0.9 % came to Indonesia in the Hindu,. Group was called a jemadar, a term that means essentially `` boss-man from India 's neighbours Buddhists. Burma during ancient times the Lord. Twitter, claimed victory after suspension! India: a Call to Judgment, Indiana University Press rather, the new Blackwell Companion to the Sociology religion. Muslim Courts ( Editor: Knut Jacobsen ), Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict the divine essence all. 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