This project structure results in 1.4 million lines of code (LoC) across 354 different projects that we can compare. This can involve inferred return types, lambdas, member references, and generics. To declare or not declare the types might be a question that comes up while writing code. As this analysis is non-conclusive, we opted to leave it out of this article. Kotlin shares many similarities with Swift, which is the programming language for iOS. Other than that, Apt usage was not as heavy as Kotlin, since the focus of our experiments was Kotlin. The Mobius 2018 conference held in Saint Petersburg earlier this year featured a talk by the guys from Revolut – Roman Yatsina and Ivan Vazhnov, called Multiplatform architecture with Kotlin for iOS and Android. ABI jar support: This was added in Kotlin 1.2.70 and allows computation of the ABI of a given library to quickly determine if recompilation of consumers is needed. . We believe that the excessive use of this feature, the non-share of their classloader, and poorly written checkers might be the cause of this overhead. It is a lot easier to go for totally Kotlin-based apps and communicate with the same language in the backend, rather than providing an interpreter. Because of this, Java is the favorite of many Android app developers. This is a good indicator that the experiment environment was well-controlled. This is harder to optimize with Kotlin. This can involve inferred return types, lambdas, member references, and generics. The original IDE created by Apple is XCode, but there are many alternatives to it. If Kotlin is used for Android and iOS app development, cross-platform development between the platforms will become simpler. to wrap the Buck usage. Based on configurability, we came up with a matrix of 13 different scenarios for fine-grained understanding of different project structures and tooling tradeoffs: We named the process of generating the 354 projects for each of the 13 configurations an experiment. specifications. This does not mean that apps on both platforms can share a common code, of course, since the languages and OS-specific libraries aren’t identical. Kotlin has great support and many contributors in its fast-growing global community. Build performance data was provided by our build system in the shape of a Chrome traceable file, and although this is a standard feature of the build system, we still had to modify our internal Buck fork in order to associate the data we needed with the context of the project in which it was being collected. Many Android developers agree that Kotlin makes development quicker and more fun. A few other IDEs that you can try are AppCode, Code Runner, and Swifty. 4. The most interesting insights are described below: is currently adding an overhead of ~70 percent on top of pure Java (baseline), Error Prone, a static analysis tool for Java. , a modern multi-platform programming language and an increasingly popular alternative for Android development that fully interoperates with Java. We want to measure not only by volume of projects, but also see how individual Kotlin projects scale with size. Developers who love Java can continue using it, and also add Kotlin code incrementally and make use of Kotlin libraries. However, our 13 options are still only a subset of what exists out there. informed our decisions for best practices for Android development. In this table, the displayed compilation time for line one represents the average compilation time across all 354 projects for all experiment runs. At least from a build performance perspective, it doesn’t matter whether or not implicit or explicit types are used in the code. In this table, the displayed compilation time for line one represents the average compilation time across all 354 projects for all experiment runs. Kotlin Multiplatform for iOS Developers DRY (or Don't Repeat Yourself) is one of the foundational principles of programming, but repeating lots … This design is faulty and creates a quirky and confusing system, exposing system-level complexity to the developer. No clear winner here: Popularity: Flutter captures 101K Stars on GitHub, while we are writing this. Development, testing, and maintenance become quicker and easier. The analysis aggregated the data in buckets based on the build performance matrix (Table 1). The syntax of Swift and that of Kotlin do not resemble each other, though there can be up to 77% string similarity in small chunks of code. Help is never far away – consult extensive community resources or ask the Kotlin team directly. As described in this article, we attempted to leverage our existing infrastructure to run this experiment and test the most scenarios possible (see Table 1). Earlier user interfaces (UI) used to be completely XML, which made shifting from Android to iOS very difficult for developers. They are less verbose, easy to read, and comfortable to work with. On the wire, these are sent as JSON using a Retrofit/OkHttp/Gson based network stack. We have more than 60 custom checkers that can get triggered hundreds of times every day to prevent a number of bugs. functions and destructuring component methods (though this language feature is only useful to Kotlin consumers). It is expressive and concise and works with Java. The BuildPerfType enum member contains all the required information to generate a project for that specification, including potential custom arguments to kotlinc, dependencies (including, Kotlin stdlib, and Kapt, etc. This is great news for iOS app developers who wish that their apps reach Android users. This mainly means going inside our build system and making it issue the metrics we need for this analysis. Weak iOS features support – Most of the SDK functions work effectively on Android but there are some issues with iOS. The “source” in “source code” is also significant here—the Kotlin compiler generates a number of synthetic elements that would otherwise need to be manually included in the equivalent Java source code. Kotlin syntax is also easy to learn for iOS developers because it is based on the same modern concepts they are used to, so your whole team will be able to write cross-platform code efficiently. Buck caches the result of already computed rules to speed up future builds, definitely something you don’t want to do while performing a benchmark to reduce variability between runs. We were in a unique position to perform such a measurement because we generate our network API models and services for Android from. While signing up for an app, a big hassle that may be encountered is the addressing of a large audience. 5. The way this data is indexed would directly impact our ability to build visualizations in Kibana, our front-end system. Kotlin is known for generating byte-code which is identical to byte-code of Java. Heavy dependencies might be playing a bigger role in the measured scenarios. 8. You can build iOS and Android apps at the same time using the same code base. Native: View (Swift and Kotlin) Up until now all of the code has been written in Kotlin common module shared across both iOS and Android. The big benefit of React Native is the huge community and great adoption … Both are free and open-source with support from a wide range of libraries and modules. Kotlin- Kotlin is an open-source general-purpose language that is mainly typed as a pragmatic platform for JVM and Android. It permits building mobile applications for Android and iOS in JavaScript. Once all data was collected, it was assembled into a single JSON file and committed to a separate Git repository. Evaluating a language adoption is something very complex that involves a number of variables that can go way beyond the observed overheads for compile times, e.g., the overall community support for that language, readability, and natively supported features, among other features. Swift and Kotlin are two great languages for iOS and Android development respectively. To facilitate the success of this adoption, we launched an initiative, in collaboration with JetBrains, to measure Kotlin build performance at scale across different project structures, a process that. We wanted our analysis to be build system agnostic and keep the focus as close to kotlinc vs. javac as possible. A platform is an ideal option for developing Android, Desktop, Web, and iOS applications. We were particularly interested in measuring this after iOS developers observed significant inference penalties in the Swift compiler. Robust Performance Kotlin is very suitable for cross-platform mobile app development because it compiles code according to the targeted platform. This section presents some of the metrics and analysis that we wanted to perform, but for various reasons, were not able to; we encourage others to explore these possibilities on their own. However, with over 20 Android applications and more than 2,000 modules in our Android monorepo, Uber’s Mobile Engineering team had to carefully evaluate the impact of adopting something as significant as a new language. I recorded some results and i found that swift is faster when the size is around 10000 or less but once the number goes up, Swift becomes significantly slow as compare to Kotlin. Kotlin generates very similar bytecode to Java, so the performance of Kotlin code is in most cases the same as the performance of the equivalent Java code. Overall, Kotlin resulted in 40 percent fewer lines of source code than Java, Kotlin is well-known for being able to achieve more with less code, and our experiments were a testament to this common knowledge. Below, we highlight some additional design considerations and knowledge we had in mind before embarking on this project: Based on these considerations, we created a project generation workflow that enabled us to develop hundreds of models with which to compare build performance for our new Kotlin-based applications. Unlike Java, Kotlin has a more expressive syntax like python. Kotlin is suitable for database development as it is replacing Java. The goal was simple: measure Kotlin build performance at scale and understand the tradeoffs of different project structures. Thales Machado is a senior software engineer on Uber's Amsterdam Mobile Developer Experience team. That’s also true for Swift because, apart from already being used in many more platforms, Swift is already being used in web development too. It is so robust and fast to work with, and it is written in Kotlin! Kotlin developers can efficiently work on the local environmental factors such as JS for the internet, Swift, and XCode for iOS, Android Studio. Once all data was collected, it was assembled into a single JSON file and committed to a separate Git repository. Kotlin has many compelling advantages. Major differences can be reduced to the table below:Basics, classes and functions all have very similar ways of expression. On the wire, these are sent as JSON using a Retrofit/OkHttp/Gson based network stack. Apple has come down hard on the side of creating something optimized and free of most of the chains C/Objective-C. Google (JetBrains, really) has come down equally hard on the side of integrating seamlessly with existing code. For this number, Kotlin is almost 18 times faster than Swift(on my machine). A Kotlin code offers more safety and concision in comparison to a Java code. On the other hand, Google recommends Kotlin as the standard IDE for Android development. Error Prone, a static analysis tool for Java, comes with a standard set of checkers. Kotlin can benefit iPhone application developers to reach Android users. To achieve this, we established the following conditions for our model structures: We were in a unique position to perform such a measurement because we generate our network API models and services for Android from Apache Thrift specifications. Not anymore. At Uber, we rely extensively on Error Prone for performing static analysis. Our build performance data relates to compilation time rather than build time. It reads from a directory of Thrift specs, infers project dependencies, and then generates a flat set of projects that reflect those specs. In 2019, more enterprise leaders are migrating to Kotlin or planning to do so. However, this can be used as another potential area to measure for compiler performance. The JavaScript target for Kotlin has a new Gradle DSL and an alpha version of the Kotlin/JS IR compiler back end. This is very advantageous as it provides the level of performance at par with native app development. To give a better overview of the generated code, we’ve created a repository with sample code for each of the variants and details of the underlying tech stack. 4. Moreover, since it is still incubating, we were not surprised to see that it runs slower than the other type inference systems we tested. Figure 2, below, shows the distribution of the generated projects based on their size, as measured by the number of files. Capturing this data requires much more effort than the ones presented in this document and would be worth its own article. In total, we successfully ran 129 experiments. It is the official Android build tool. Kotlin has 33.3K stars on GitHub while we are writing this. iOS is superior to Android’s system. One of its main features is to let users extend its analysis power by adding custom checkers. These are pure JVM projects. 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