[21][22], The major species grown worldwide is Solanum tuberosum (a tetraploid with 48 chromosomes), and modern varieties of this species are the most widely cultivated. [109] What does Solanum tuberosum mean? The definition of Solanum Tuberosum is followed by practically usable example sentences which allow you to construct your own sentences based on it. China and India accounted for over a third of world's production in 2010, and had yields of 14.7 and 19.9 tonnes per hectare respectively. Potatoes are prepared in many ways: skin-on or peeled, whole or cut up, with seasonings or without. « hide 10 20 30 40 50 maigklesgq qkissttnls sfpendliel kwqngqivmq gqsssakkst 60 70 80 90 100 vhnnfqssas gdrdkytgns stskigkfgl mdtmlndmsl svptdeldli 110 120 130 140 150 qedegvpwlg ypaddslqqd ycaqllpeis gvtaneqsrq svfglinkrg 160 170 180 190 200 ssdkmigdsh svpvhnavnf eqrntskvsp ssrfsplssl psqkghasip 210 220 230 240 250 tlesgvsdif ssknsntpms vlgdsnqska sagdvksnki qkqnmpgnrs 260 270 … These compounds, which protect the potato plant from its predators, are generally concentrated in its leaves, flowers, sprouts, and fruits (in contrast to the tubers). The average quantity of all pesticide traces found in the 2,216 samples was 1.602 ppm. [72] Three successive plowings, with associated harrowing and rolling, are desirable before planting. The distinction may also arise from variation in the comparative ratio of two different potato starch compounds: amylose and amylopectin. [17] The origin of the word spud has erroneously been attributed to an 18th-century activist group dedicated to keeping the potato out of Britain, calling itself The Society for the Prevention of Unwholesome Diet (S.P.U.D.). They belong to eight or nine species, depending on the taxonomic school. [6] It has since spread around the world and become a staple crop in many countries. Storage Management, in: Potato Production Systems, J.C. Stark and S.L. [8][57], A raw potato is 79% water, 17% carbohydrates (88% is starch), 2% protein, and contains negligible fat (see table). [5][6][7] The wild Crop Wild Relatives Prebreeding project encourages the use of wild relatives in breeding programs. In 2012, GMO development in Europe was stopped by BASF. List of sequenced plant genomes on Wikipedia. In Chile's Chiloé Archipelago, potatoes are the main ingredient of many dishes, including milcaos, chapaleles, curanto and chochoca. At more formal dinners, a common practice includes taking small red potatoes, slicing them, and roasting them in an iron skillet. [111] Potato density assessment can be performed by floating them in brines. Solanum tuberosum, better known as the potato, is a popular vegetable crop for home gardeners. [6] Over 99% of presently cultivated potatoes worldwide descended from varieties that originated in the lowlands of south-central Chile.[9][10]. Next Up: French Fry Fans, J.R. Simplot Co.; Availability of Petition for Determination of Nonregulated Status of Potato Genetically Engineered for Low Acrylamide Potential and Reduced Black Spot Bruise. The page not only provides Urdu meaning of Solanum Tuberosum but also gives extensive definition in English language. There are also four diploid species (with 24 chromosomes): S. stenotomum, S. phureja, S. goniocalyx, and S. ajanhuiri. Like the tomato, the potato is a nightshade in the genus Solanum, and the vegetative and fruiting parts of the potato contain the toxin solanine which is dangerous for human consumption. [64] Since then, breeders developing new varieties test for this, and sometimes have to discard an otherwise promising cultivar. Poutine, by contrast, is a hearty serving of French fries, fresh cheese curds and hot gravy. What does solanum tuberosum mean? Among American Jews, the practice of eating latkes (fried potato pancakes) is common during the festival of Hanukkah. Like most other pre-20th century acronymic origins, this is false, and there is no evidence that a Society for the Prevention of Unwholesome Diet ever existed. The Tattie scone is a popular Scottish dish containing potatoes. [113], The potato has been an essential crop in the Andes since the pre-Columbian Era. In the UK, most seed potatoes originate in Scotland, in areas where westerly winds reduce aphid attack and the spread of potato virus pathogens. Potato delivery services include, McNeill, William H. "How the Potato Changed the World's History.". [34] In general, varieties are categorized into a few main groups based on common characteristics, such as russet potatoes (rough brown skin), red potatoes, white potatoes, yellow potatoes (also called Yukon potatoes) and purple potatoes. It is commonly eaten with salt and pepper or brown sugar. It remains an essential crop in Europe, especially Northern and Eastern Europe, where per capita production is still the highest in the world, while the most rapid expansion in production over the past few decades has occurred in southern and eastern Asia, with China and India leading the world in overall production as of 2018. Like potatoes in general, they can be prepared by boiling, baking, frying, and roasting. New Zealand farmers have demonstrated some of the best commercial yields in the world, ranging between 60 and 80 tonnes per hectare, some reporting yields of 88 tonnes potatoes per hectare. Potato chunks also commonly appear as a stew ingredient. This pottery was a sacred substance, formed in significant shapes and used to represent important themes. Puddings made from grated potatoes (kugel, kugelis, and potato babka) are popular items of Ashkenazi, Lithuanian, and Belarusian cuisine. Bryndzové halušky is the Slovak national dish, made of a batter of flour and finely grated potatoes that is boiled to form dumplings. Stamppot, a traditional Dutch meal, is based on mashed potatoes mixed with vegetables. [26] The potato genome contains 12 chromosomes and 860 million base pairs, making it a medium-sized plant genome. There are two triploid species (with 36 chromosomes): S. chaucha and S. juzepczukii. [23] The Andean potato is adapted to the short-day conditions prevalent in the mountainous equatorial and tropical regions where it originated; the Chilean potato, however, native to the Chiloé Archipelago, is adapted to the long-day conditions prevalent in the higher latitude region of southern Chile. Approves Modified Potato. PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING TRAITS OF RHIZOBACTERIA ISOLATED FROM POTATO (Solanum tuberosum L.) AND THEIR ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY AGAINST FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM A significant association between Liriomyza huidobrensis leafminers and Alternaria solani fungus is reported here for the first time in a commercial potato (Solanum tuberosum) field in Brazil. Love (eds), University of Idaho Agricultural Communications, 363–81. [65] While a normal potato tuber has 12–20 mg/kg of glycoalkaloid content, a green potato tuber contains 250–280 mg/kg and its skin has 1500–2200 mg/kg. Potatoes (mainly Russets) are commonly used in plant research. [92] Like many crops, potatoes are likely to be affected by changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide, temperature and precipitation, as well as interactions between these factors. In the area of present-day southern Peru and extreme northwestern Bolivia, from a species in the Solanum brevicaule complex, potatoes were domesticated approximately 7,000–10,000 years ago. Millet's technique for this work incorporated paste-like pigments thickly applied over a coarsely textured canvas. New potatoes may be cooked with mint and are often served with butter.[107]. However, poisoning from cultivated potato varieties is very rare. [108] German fries and various version of Potato salad are part of German cuisine. /* unofficial, Potatoes contain toxic compounds known as glycoalkaloids, of which the most prevalent are solanine and chaconine. Correct potato husbandry can be an arduous task in some circumstances. It was the first toy ever advertised on television. Wild potato species, originating in modern-day Peru, can be found throughout the Americas, from the United States to southern Chile. [15] In many of the chronicles detailing agriculture and plants, no distinction is made between the two. At this phase, several factors are critical to a good yield: optimal soil moisture and temperature, soil nutrient availability and balance, and resistance to pest attacks. [63] In a summary of several studies, the glycoalkaloid content was highest in the flowers and sprouts and lowest in the tuber flesh. Unlike many foods, potatoes can also be easily cooked in a microwave oven and still retain nearly all of their nutritional value, provided they are covered in ventilated plastic wrap to prevent moisture from escaping; this method produces a meal very similar to a steamed potato, while retaining the appearance of a conventionally baked potato. [27] More than 99 percent of all current varieties of potatoes currently grown are direct descendants of a subspecies that once grew in the lowlands of south-central Chile. Home gardeners often plant a piece of potato with two or three eyes in a hill of mounded soil. A taxonomic genus within the family Solanaceae – the nightshades (sensu stricto); mostly poisonous, but including food plants such as tomato, potato and aubergine. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional. Van Gogh said he wanted to depict peasants as they really were. De aardappel: Solanum tuberosum. Potato crop yields are determined by factors such as the crop breed, seed age and quality, crop management practices and the plant environment. The Royal Spanish Academy says the Spanish word is a hybrid of the Taíno batata ('sweet potato') and the Quechua papa ('potato'). [a][83], Under optimum conditions in commercial warehouses, potatoes can be stored for up to 10–12 months. Mechanical ventilation is used at various points during the process to prevent condensation and the accumulation of carbon dioxide. Solanum tuberosum (potato) is the worlds fourth most important food crop after rice, wheat and maize. Information about Solanum tuberosum in the … [7] However, lack of genetic diversity, due to the very limited number of varieties initially introduced, left the crop vulnerable to disease. Potatoes can be grown from cut sections of potato … [31], Potatoes yield abundantly with little effort, and adapt readily to diverse climates as long as the climate is cool and moist enough for the plants to gather sufficient water from the soil to form the starchy tubers. Gratin dauphinois, consisting of baked thinly sliced potatoes with cream or milk, and tartiflette, with Reblochon cheese, are also widespread. [40] In 2010, potatoes were bioengineered specifically for these pigmentation traits. Z raw plantains [42], Waxy potato varieties produce two main kinds of potato starch, amylose and amylopectin, the latter of which is most industrially useful. [41], Genetic research has produced several genetically modified varieties. Pub. Solanine is found in other plants in the same family, Solanaceae, which includes such plants as deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna), henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) and tobacco (Nicotiana spp. The 16th-century English herbalist John Gerard referred to sweet potatoes as common potatoes, and used the terms bastard potatoes and Virginia potatoes for the species we now call potato. It is believed to have originated from the German Klöße, prepared by early German settlers who lived among the Acadians. Seed potato crops are rogued in some countries to eliminate diseased plants or those of a different variety from the seed crop. 388 Integrated Control of Potato Late Blight in the Nordic and Baltic Countries. [37], Dozens of potato cultivars have been selectively bred specifically for their skin or, more commonly, flesh color, including gold, red, and blue varieties[38] that contain varying amounts of phytochemicals, including carotenoids for gold/yellow or polyphenols for red or blue cultivars. [8], Following millennia of selective breeding, there are now over 5,000 different types of potatoes. A total of 36 unique pesticides were detected on potatoes over the 2,216 samples, though no individual sample contained more than 6 unique pesticide traces, and the average was 1.29 detectable unique pesticide traces per sample. The potato is rarely eaten raw because raw potato starch is poorly digested by humans. You can also find multiple synonyms or similar words of Solanum Tuberosum. In Germany, Northern (Finland, Latvia and especially Scandinavian countries), Eastern Europe (Russia, Belarus and Ukraine) and Poland, newly harvested, early ripening varieties are considered a special delicacy. A raw yellow dent corn Common dishes are: mashed potatoes, which are first boiled (usually peeled), and then mashed with milk or yogurt and butter; whole baked potatoes; boiled or steamed potatoes; French-fried potatoes or chips; cut into cubes and roasted; scalloped, diced, or sliced and fried (home fries); grated into small thin strips and fried (hash browns); grated and formed into dumplings, Rösti or potato pancakes. Around 1845, the name transferred to the tuber itself, the first record of this usage being in New Zealand English. Burn centres in India have experimented with the use of the thin outer skin layer to protect burns while healing. [43] Amflora potatoes therefore produce starch consisting almost entirely of amylopectin, and are thus more useful for the starch industry. EWG’s Skin Deep rates thousands of personal care product ingredients, culled from ingredient labels on products, based on hazard information pulled from the scientific literature and industry, academic and regulatory databases. Some Englishmen who did not fancy potatoes formed a Society for the Prevention of Unwholesome Diet. As of 2014, potatoes were the world's fourth-largest food crop after maize (corn), wheat, and rice. [11][12], The English word potato comes from Spanish patata (the name used in Spain). [55] In the Altiplano, potatoes provided the principal energy source for the Inca civilization, its predecessors, and its Spanish successor. The word has an unknown origin and was originally (c. 1440) used as a term for a short knife or dagger, probably related to the Latin spad- a word root meaning "sword"; compare Spanish espada, English "spade", and spadroon. Potatoes are also used for purposes other than eating by humans, for example: Peruvian cuisine naturally contains the potato as a primary ingredient in many dishes, as around 3,000 varieties of this tuber are grown there. [60] In particular, consuming reheated or cooled potatoes that were previously cooked may yield a lower GI effect. The importance of the potato as a food source and culinary ingredient varies by region and is still changing. [82], On the other hand, temperatures below 4 °C (39 °F) convert the starch in potatoes into sugar, which alters their taste and cooking qualities and leads to higher acrylamide levels in the cooked product, especially in deep-fried dishes. There is one pentaploid cultivated species (with 60 chromosomes): S. curtilobum. The Aloo gosht, Potato and meat curry, is one of the popular dishes in South Asia, especially in Pakistan. A traditional Acadian dish from New Brunswick is known as poutine râpée. ), as well as the food plants eggplant and tomato. [13][14] The name originally referred to the sweet potato although the two plants are not closely related. Pâté aux pommes de terre is a regional potato dish from the central Allier and Limousin regions. Cepelinai is Lithuanian national dish. The staple was subsequently conveyed by European mariners to territories and ports throughout the world. It was Mario Pei's 1949 The Story of Language that can be blamed for the word's false origin. They are believed to be probable carcinogens and their occurrence in cooked foods is being studied for potentially influencing health problems. Each nutrient (every row) has the highest number highlighted to show the staple food with the greatest amount in a 100-gram raw portion. 2003. Invented in 1949, and marketed and sold commercially by Hasbro in 1952, Mr. Even cold weather makes potatoes more susceptible to bruising and possibly later rotting, which can quickly ruin a large stored crop. However, this does not provide a definitive guide, as greening and glycoalkaloid accumulation can occur independently of each other. [105] Solanum tuberosum definition in English dictionary, Solanum tuberosum meaning, synonyms, see also 'solan',solum',solarium',solatium'. The result is a moist ball about the size of a baseball. Tracing its origins to Quebec in the 1950s, it has become a widespread and popular dish throughout Canada. Commercial planting of 'Amflora' was expected in the Czech Republic and Germany in the spring of 2010, and Sweden and the Netherlands in subsequent years. Ó Gráda, Cormac, Richard Paping, and Eric Vanhaute, eds. Curing allows the skin to fully set and any wounds to heal. The potato is a root vegetable native to the Americas, a starchy tuber of the plant Solanum tuberosum, and the plant itself is a perennial in the nightshade family, Solanaceae.. Wild potato species, originating in modern-day Peru, can be found throughout the Americas, from the United States to southern Chile. The potato is a root vegetable native to the Americas, a starchy tuber of the plant Solanum tuberosum, and the plant itself is a perennial in the nightshade family, Solanaceae.[2]. French fries and often hash browns are commonly found in typical American fast-food burger "joints" and cafeterias. This is transported up an apron chain consisting of steel links several feet wide, which separates some of the dirt. [81], Storage facilities need to be carefully designed to keep the potatoes alive and slow the natural process of decomposition, which involves the breakdown of starch. Solanum definition is - nightshade. Copenhagen, Denmark, 29 November −1 December 2006", "Organic Management of Late Blight of Potato and Tomato (Phytophthora infestans)", Soil Association Organic Standards for Producer, Version 16, January, 2009, "Links to forms permitting application of copper fungicide on the website of the Soil Association", "Metrics Used in EWG's Shopper's Guide to Pesticides Compiled from USDA and FDA Data", "Calories in Fresh Direct Gold Creamer Potato", "Potato storage and value Preservation: The Basics", "There's yet more gold in them thar "hills"! 1 potatoes are the highest quality and No. 2003 May 7; 51(10): 2964–73, "United States Potato Board -Seed Potatoes", Science & Advice for Scottish Agriculture, "Dutch saltwater potatoes offer hope for world's hungry", "NJF seminar No. Anthocyanins mainly responsible for red or blue pigmentation in potato cultivars do not have nutritional significance, but are used for visual variety and consumer appeal. Potatoes are also a major ingredient as fast food items, such as aloo chaat, where they are deep fried and served with chutney. [29], Most modern potatoes grown in North America arrived through European settlement and not independently from the South American sources, although at least one wild potato species, Solanum fendleri, naturally ranges from Peru into Texas, where it is used in breeding for resistance to a nematode species that attacks cultivated potatoes. In the winter, roadside sellers in northern China will also sell roasted potatoes. The most complex designs use vine choppers and shakers, along with a blower system to separate the potatoes from the plant. In western Norway, komle is popular. Definition of solanum tuberosum in the Definitions.net dictionary. Gauldie, Enid (1981). [66], Potatoes are generally grown from seed potatoes, tubers specifically grown to be free from disease and to provide consistent and healthy plants. Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Solanum tuberosum L., Potato Methods Mol Biol. It is generally either a Yukon Gold potato or a red potato, called gold creamers[78] or red creamers respectively, and measures approximately 2.5 cm (1 in) in diameter. Although potatoes are not native to India, it has become a vital part of food all over the country especially North Indian food preparations. — OregonLive.com, "Can you pass this forest ranger exam from 1925?," 16 Jan. 2018 Know your ash from alder, your atropa belladonna from solanum nigrum? Cross-breeding has been done repeatedly to transfer resistances to certain pests and diseases from the gene pool of wild species to the gene pool of cultivated potato species. The food energy yield of potatoes – about 95 gigajoules per hectare (9.2 million kilocalories per acre) – is higher than that of maize (78 GJ/ha or 7.5×10^6 kcal/acre), rice (77 GJ/ha or 7.4×10^6 kcal/acre), wheat (31 GJ/ha or 3×10^6 kcal/acre), or soybeans (29 GJ/ha or 2.8×10^6 kcal/acre).[32]. The potato was slow to be adopted by European farmers, but soon enough it became an important food staple and field crop that played a major role in the European 19th century population boom. McDonald's, Burger King, Frito-Lay, and Procter & Gamble announced they would not use genetically modified potatoes, and Monsanto published its intent to discontinue the line in March 2001. What does solanum tuberosum mean? Definition of the noun solanum tuberosum. Other favourite dishes are alu tikki and pakoda items. Potato flakes are popular as an instant variety of mashed potatoes, which reconstitute into mashed potatoes by adding water, with butter or oil and salt to taste. The historically significant Phytophthora infestans (late blight) remains an ongoing problem in Europe[30][73] and the United States. [28] Nonetheless, genetic testing of the wide variety of cultivars and wild species affirms that all potato subspecies derive from a single origin in the area of present-day southern Peru and extreme Northwestern Bolivia (from a species in the Solanum brevicaule complex). Most potato dishes are served hot but some are first cooked, then served cold, notably potato salad and potato chips (crisps). [69][70], New tubers may start growing at the surface of the soil. The concentration of glycoalkaloids in wild potatoes is sufficient to produce toxic effects in humans. ] German fries and often hash browns are commonly found in the soil for years! Occasionally seen in Korean and Thai cuisines eaten and sold in Lancashire, especially in,. Many parts of the soil for several years, crop solanum tuberosum meaning is recommended chromosomes! 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[ 112 ] only requirement involves Cooking to swell the granules. Were bioengineered specifically for these pigmentation traits Prevention of Unwholesome Diet roadside sellers northern. Thus causing the potato harvest depicts peasants working in the most comprehensive definitions! Integral part of much of the parent, whereas those propagated from tubers are clones of traditional!

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